Malgré les crises successives, les milliardaires prospèrent. Pourquoi ? Car ils achètent le pouvoir politique et économique.
Inégalités mondiales : les chiffres-clés
Monde
- La fortune des 5 hommes les plus riches a grimpé de 114 % depuis 2020.
- La fortune des milliardaires a augmenté de 3 300 milliards de dollars depuis 2020, à une vitesse 3 fois plus rapide que celle de l’inflation.
- Les 1 % les plus riches possèdent 48 % de tous les actifs financiers mondiaux.
- Les pays riches du Nord détiennent 69 % des richesses mondiales et accueillent 74 % des richesses des milliardaires alors qu’ils n’abritent que 21 % de la population mondiale.
- Au rythme actuel, il faudrait plus de deux siècles pour mettre fin à la pauvreté, mais dans à peine 10 ans nous pourrions voir pour la première fois la fortune d’un multimilliardaire franchir le cap des 1 000 milliards de dollars. Avoir 1 000 milliards, c’est comme gagner plus d’un million d’euros par jour depuis la naissance de Jésus-Christ.
- Sept des dix plus grandes entreprises mondiales sont dirigées par un·e milliardaire.
- 148 grandes entreprises ont réalisé 1800 milliards de dollars de bénéfices cumulés – soit 52 % de plus en moyenne sur les 3 dernières années – et distribué d’énormes dividendes à de riches actionnaires tandis que des centaines de millions de personnes ont été confrontées à des réductions de salaires réels.
France
- Les quatre milliardaires français les plus riches et leurs familles – la famille Arnault, la famille Bettencourt Meyers, Gérard et Alain Wertheimer – ont vu leur fortune augmenter de 87 % depuis 2020. Dans le même temps, la richesse cumulée de 90% des Français a baissé.
- Sur cette même période, les 42 milliardaires français ont gagné 230 milliards d’euros, autant que pour faire un chèque de 3 400 euros pour chaque Français-e.
- Les 1 % les plus riches détiennent 36 % du patrimoine financier total en France alors que plus de 80% des Français ne déclarent posséder ni assurance-vie, ni actions directement.
- 11 des plus grandes entreprises françaises ont réalisé 101 milliards de dollars de bénéfices entre juin 2022 et juin 2023, soit une augmentation de 57% par rapport à la période 2018-2021.
- L’héritière Françoise Bettencourt est devenue la première femme milliardaire à voir sa fortune atteindre les 100 milliards d’euros.
Grandes entreprises, médias : comment les milliardaires achètent le pouvoir
Depuis 2020, l’accroissement de la fortune des milliardaires et l’accumulation de profits des multinationales sont intrinsèquement liés.
A l’heure où l’élite économique se réunit à Davos, le rapport « Multinationales et inégalités multiples » révèle notamment que sept des dix plus grandes entreprises mondiales ont un·e PDG milliardaire ou un·e milliardaire comme actionnaire principal·e.
Les grandes entreprises ont un pouvoir démesuré et sont une machine à fabriquer des inégalités. Salaires qui augmentent moins que la rémunération des PDG, bénéfices majoritairement utilisés pour rémunérer les actionnaires, optimisation fiscale : les milliardaires veillent avant tout à ce que les multinationales contribuent à leur propre enrichissement, au détriment du reste de la population.
Ils utilisent par ailleurs leur richesse pour asseoir et conforter leur influence politique, en particulier via leur emprise sur les médias et leurs relations avec les hautes sphères de l’Etat.
En France aussi, les milliardaires s’enrichissent et la pauvreté s’intensifie
Les 4 milliardaires français les plus riches (Bernard Arnault et sa famille, Françoise Bettencourt Meyers et sa famille ainsi que Gérard Wertheimer et Alain Wertheimer) ont vu leur fortune augmenter de 87% depuis 2020.
Sur la même période, les 42 milliardaires français ont gagné 230 milliards d’euros, soit l’équivalent d’un chèque de 3 400 euros pour chaque Français·e. Alors que les Français et Françaises subissent l’inflation de plein fouet et sont confronté·e·s à une véritable crise du pouvoir d’achat, l’enrichissement continu des ultra-riches fracture la société.
Comme dans le reste du monde, l’omniprésence des milliardaires dans les mondes économique, politique et médiatique, est indéniable. En tête de proue : Bernard Arnault, à la tête de l’empire du luxe LVMH et de certains des plus grands médias français comme Les Échos ou Le Parisien, mais aussi le milliardaire Vincent Bolloré, qui fait des médias dont il est actionnaire principal une arme au service de l’extrême droite.
Les recommandations d’Oxfam
Oxfam appelle les États à réduire rapidement et radicalement le fossé entre les ultra-riches et le reste de la société grâce notamment aux mesures suivantes :
Augmenter les impôts sur les ultra-riches
Oxfam estime qu’un impôt sur la fortune pour les multimillionnaires et les milliardaires du monde entier pourrait rapporter 1 800 milliards de dollars par an.
Plus précisément, Oxfam France formule une série de recommandations fiscales qui permettraient de dégager 88 milliards d’euros par an, tout en préservant le pouvoir d’achat de 70% des Français, dont :
- Un impôt sur la fortune climatique pour les multimillionnaires et les milliardaires : Il s’agit de taxer, d’une part, le niveau de patrimoine (la taille de la fortune), et d’autre part, la quantité de CO2 qu’il contient (son impact sur le climat).
Réguler les multinationales
- Encadrer la part des bénéfices versés aux actionnaires
- Conditionner les aides publiques aux entreprises aux investissements dans la transition
- Imposer un écart de rémunération de 1 à 20 entre le salaire du dirigeant et le salaire médian de l’entreprise.
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